Technology Primers

ABIS & Deduplication

Automated Biometric Identification Systems perform large-scale 1:N searches to resolve identities an...

Age Assurance (Verification & Estimation)

Processes that verify age via trusted documents or estimate age from signals like face or behavior f...

Behavioral Biometrics

Behavioral biometrics analyzes patterns in user interactions—such as typing rhythm, mouse movement, ...

Biometric Border Control

Biometric border control uses face or fingerprint recognition at checkpoints to verify travelers and...

Biometric ID Cards

Biometric ID cards embed fingerprints or facial data on a chip for secure identity verification in t...

Biometric Template Protection

Techniques like cancellable biometrics and encryption safeguard stored biometric templates from misu...

Contactless Fingerprinting

Touch-free fingerprint capture using cameras or scanners, enabling mobile or hygienic enrollment.

Digital ID

Digital ID represents electronic identity credentials that can be used to authenticate individuals a...

Document Verification & NFC e-Chip Reading (eMRTD / ICAO 9303)

How modern ID documents are verified using optical checks, NFC chip reading, and PKI validation per ...

Ear Recognition

Identifies people by the unique shape and texture of the outer ear, often for surveillance or forens...

Facial Recognition

Facial recognition matches a photo of a face to an identity.

Finger Vein Recognition

Near-infrared imaging of vascular patterns inside fingers provides high liveness assurance for authe...

Fingerprint Recognition

Fingerprint recognition identifies individuals by analyzing unique patterns of ridges and valleys on...

Gait Recognition

Gait recognition identifies individuals by analyzing their unique walking style and body movements f...

Hand Biometrics

Hand biometrics identifies people using characteristics of the entire hand, such as geometry, vein p...

Iris Recognition

Iris recognition uses the unique patterns in the colored ring surrounding the pupil to verify identi...

Keystroke Dynamics

Authenticates users by timing patterns in how they type on a keyboard or touchscreen.

Mobile ID

Mobile ID leverages smartphones to store and present digital identity credentials securely, often us...

Multimodal Biometrics (Fusion)

Combining two or more biometric signals (e.g., face + fingerprint) to boost accuracy, resilience, an...

National e-ID

National e-ID programs issue electronic identity credentials tied to biometrics for secure access to...

Online Signature Verification (Dynamic)

Analyzes pen dynamics such as pressure, speed, and trajectory to authenticate handwritten signatures...

Palm Vein Recognition

Palm vein recognition uses near-infrared light to capture the unique vascular patterns beneath the s...

Palmprint Recognition

Uses dermal ridge patterns across the palm for identification, distinct from vein-based methods.

Passkeys / FIDO2 / WebAuthn

Passwordless authentication based on public-key cryptography, delivered through WebAuthn (W3C) and C...

Periocular / Sclera / Retina Recognition

Biometrics based on eye-adjacent regions—periocular texture, scleral patterns, or retinal vasculatur...

Physiological Biometrics

Physiological biometrics refers to verifying identity based on unique physical characteristics such ...

Presentation Attack Detection (Liveness / PAD)

Techniques and tests that detect spoofed biometric samples (e.g., masks, replays, synthetics) to ens...

Verifiable Credentials & Identity Wallets (W3C VC 2.0)

Cryptographically verifiable claims issued by trusted parties and presented via identity wallets, en...

Voice Recognition

Voice recognition authenticates individuals based on their unique vocal characteristics like pitch, ...